ABSTRACT
ß-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC, EIDD-1931) is a nucleoside analogue that exhibits broad spectrum antiviral activity against a variety of RNA viruses. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of lipid prodrugs of NHC and a novel 3'-fluoro modified NHC analogue, and evaluation of their antiviral activity against five variants of SARS-CoV-2. All lipid prodrugs showed potent antiviral activity against the tested SARS-CoV-2 variants with EC50 values in the range of 0.31-3.51 µM, which were comparable to those of NHC or higher than those of remdesivir and molnupiravir. An increase in the cytostatic activity of the lipid prodrugs was found, but prodrug 2d proved equally selective as molnupinavir. The 3'-F analogue of NHC (6) only displayed minor antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (EC50 = 29.91 µM), while no activity was found for other variants at the highest concentration tested. The promising antiviral data of the lipid prodrugs of NHC suggest that they deserve further investigation as new anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Prodrugs , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Prodrugs/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , LipidsABSTRACT
Coronavirus Papain-like protease (PLpro) mediates the cleavage of viral polyproteins and assists the virus escaping from innate immune response. Thus, PLpro is an attractive target for the development of broad-spectrum drugs as it has a conserved structure across different coronaviruses. In this study, we purified SARS-CoV-2 PLpro as an immune antigen, constructed a nanobody phage display library, and identified a set of nanobodies with high affinity for SARS-CoV-2. In addition, enzyme activity experiments demonstrated that two nanobodies had a significant inhibitory effect on the PLpro. These nanobodies should therefore be investigated as candidates for the treatment of coronaviruses.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Single-Domain Antibodies , Humans , Coronavirus Papain-Like Proteases , SARS-CoV-2 , Peptide Hydrolases , Papain/chemistryABSTRACT
Because of the evolutionary variants of SARS-CoV-2, development of broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies resilient to virus escape is urgently needed. We identified a group of high-affinity nanobodies from camels immunized with receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and resolved the structures of two non-competing nanobodies (NB1A7 and NB1B11) in complex with RBD using X-ray crystallography. The structures show that NB1A7 targets the highly conserved cryptic epitope shared by SARS-CoV-2 variants and some other coronaviruses and blocks ACE2 receptor attachment of the spike protein, and NB1B11 epitope overlaps with the contacting surface of ACE2 and is different from the binding site of NB1A7. These two nanobodies were covalently linked into multivalent and bi-paratopic formats, which significantly improved the avidity and neutralization potency and may further inhibit viral escape. The results contribute to the structure-guided design of antibodies against future variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus to combat coronavirus epidemics and pandemics.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Single-Domain Antibodies , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies , Epitopes/metabolism , Humans , Protein Binding , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry , Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistryABSTRACT
SignificanceThe coronavirus main protease (Mpro) is required for viral replication. Here, we obtained the extended conformation of the native monomer of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Mpro by trapping it with nanobodies and found that the catalytic domain and the helix domain dissociate, revealing allosteric targets. Another monomeric state is termed compact conformation and is similar to one protomer of the dimeric form. We designed a Nanoluc Binary Techonology (NanoBiT)-based high-throughput allosteric inhibitor assay based on structural conformational change. Our results provide insight into the maturation, dimerization, and catalysis of the coronavirus Mpro and pave a way to develop an anticoronaviral drug through targeting the maturation process to inhibit the autocleavage of Mpro.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents , COVID-19 , Coronavirus 3C Proteases , Protease Inhibitors , SARS-CoV-2 , Allosteric Regulation/drug effects , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , COVID-19/enzymology , Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors , Coronavirus 3C Proteases/chemistry , Humans , Luciferases , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Conformation , Protein MultimerizationABSTRACT
Objective: To provide a large-scale assessment the prevalence of poor vision in 2020 among children and adolescents in Wuhan City, Hubei province and to provide basis for healthy vision promotion.